Chromium contamination in water: a comparative analysis of detection methods with a focus on portability

Chromium (Cr) in water poses significant dangers to human health and the environment, especially in its toxic hexavalent form (Cr (VI)), which can contaminate water supplies through natural or industrial processes. To mitigate water pollution and its adverse effects, regular monitoring of Cr levels is essential. Various detection technologies have been developed, including spectrometry, electroanalytical methods, colorimetry, chromatography, and biosensors, each varying in sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, cost, and complexity. This review focuses on the development and application of rapid, portable detection systems for Cr in water, which are increasingly significant due to their ease of use, affordability, and suitability for field applications. By providing a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art portable Cr detection techniques, this paper highlights the critical role of these devices in environmental monitoring and suggests future research directions to enhance their effectiveness and usability.