Bacteriophage therapy in clinical practice: case studies of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infections

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (<i>MDR</i>) <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infections poses a major challenge in clinical settings, particularly when antibiotic therapy fails and surgical source control is not feasible. Bacteriophage therapy (BT) has emerged as a promising alternative, offering a targeted approach to combat persistent infections. Recent advancements in phage isolation, purification and genomic characterization have facilitated their use in compassionate treatment cases. Studies suggest that phage-antibiotic synergy can enhance bacterial eradication while potentially mitigating resistance development. However, challenges remain regarding optimal dosing strategies, host immune responses and regulatory approval pathways. This review examines the current state of BT for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections, its mechanisms of action, clinical applications and future directions for integrating phage-based treatments into infectious disease management.