Disseminating the plausibility of biogenic phosphorous nanoparticles as bio nano-fungicide against <i>Aspergillus</i> spp.

The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach that offer significant advantages over conventional methods. In this study, phosphorous nanoparticles (P-NPs) were synthesized biogenically using <i>Serendipita indica</i> and evaluated for their antifungal potential against <i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i> and <i>Aspergillus flavus.</i> The synthesized P-NPs were characterized using multiple techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). UV–Vis spectra revealed a characteristic absorption peak at 359 nm, while zeta potential analysis recorded a value of −0.11 mV. XRD analysis identified distinct structural peaks and SEM and TEM confirmed rod-shaped nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 70 to 88 nm. The antifungal efficacy was assessed using a two-fold serial dilution method, revealing dose-dependent effects. Lower P-NPs concentrations caused conidial malformations, whereas higher concentrations resulted in significant loss of fungal viability. SEM analysis further demonstrated severe morphological damage to fungal hyphae, including ruptured cell membranes, and reduced spore counts. These findings suggest that biogenically synthesized P-NPs are highly effective against <i>Aspergillus spp.</i> and represent a promising eco-friendly alternative to conventional fungicides for sustainable fungal management.