On the political and socioeconomic geography of violence: Spatial heterogeneity and scale effects in Brazil

Using a geographically weighted regression (GWR), Ingram and Marchesini da Costa (2019. Political geography of violence: Municipal politics and homicide in Brazil. <i>World Development</i>, <i>124</i>, 104592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.016) studied the territorially uneven effects of political and socioeconomic factors on violence in Brazil. This article builds on their work by confirming and extending their main findings using a cloud-based Python environment. Through the lens of a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) and an updated inference framework, we assess the spatial scale at which political and socioeconomic factors affect violence. We also identify geographical clusters of violence that remain statistically significant, even after considering the effects of political and socioeconomic factors.