Green synthesis, characterization, and bio-efficacy of novel benzamides as insect growth regulator (IGR) analogues against <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>

According to the majority of problems caused by the use of insecticides, the rapid enhancement of resistance to conventional chemical insecticide compounds is another significant impetus for the creation of new effective insecticidal agents. One of the keys to meeting this challenge is to explore new classes of insecticidal compounds with diverse modes of action. The use of safe and distinctively designed organic ingredients is essential for development in order to reduce the effects of insecticidal derivatives. So, we prepared chemical compounds that have the structure of analogues of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen and then tested them against <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>. The structures of the produced products were proven using elemental analysis and spectroscopic results. When synthetic derivatives were tested for toxicity against <i>S. frugiperda</i>, 4-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropoxy)phenyl-1,4-bis(2<i>E</i>)-3-(4chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one <b>3</b> showed high activity (LC₅₀ = 26.8 mg/L) compared to pyriproxyfen, while the other components showed moderate to low effectiveness. In addition to, some of biological parameters, including adult longevity, pupal weight, and the fraction of normal, deformed pupae, was also conducted. This work created a new pathway for the identification of a novel class of insecticides.