Cost-of-illness analysis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) management in the Philippines

To conduct the first comprehensive cost-of-illness analysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) management in the Philippines, estimating direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs across all disease stages and renal replacement therapies (RRT). A combined top-down and bottom-up quantitative approach was employed. Cost data were collected through facility surveys, literature reviews, and expert panel input. The analysis included cost estimated for both non-diabetic and diabetic CKD scenarios across all stages and RRT modalities. Direct medical costs, transportation costs, and productivity losses were calculated for each CKD stage and RRT option. Annual costs for CKD management increased progressively with disease advancement, ranging from PHP 44,610.36 to PHP 116,590.24 for non-diabetic patients and PHP 46,451.88 to PHP 120,948.12 for diabetic patients, excluding complication-related expenses. Significant cost increases were observed between stages G2–G3a and G3b–G4. Analysis of RRT showed comparable annual direct medical costs across modalities (∼PHP 401,000–560,000), with differences primarily observed in annual direct non-medical and indirect costs, which were lower in transplant recipients compared to patients on maintenance dialysis (PHP 37,920–246,480 for dialysis; PHP 3,160 for KT recipients). The study primarily focused on urban and semi-urban healthcare facilities, potentially limiting generalizability to rural areas. Long-term cost trajectories and quality-of-life measures were not captured due to the cross-sectional nature of the data. This analysis provides crucial evidence supporting early detection and intervention strategies in CKD management. It suggests the promotion of peritoneal dialysis as a cost-effective first-line therapy and highlights the long-term economic benefits of kidney transplantation. The findings have significant implications for health policy and clinical practice in the Philippines, offering a foundation for evidence-informed decision-making to improve CKD management sustainability and patient outcomes.