<i>Epichloë </i>fungal endophyte strains and their <i>Lolium </i>hosts affect resistance to <i>Listronotus bonariensis </i>(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Both adults and larvae of <i>Listronotus bonariensis</i> damage ryegrass (<i>Lolium </i>spp.), a dominant component of New Zealand pasture. Damage can be reduced by <i>Epichloë festucae</i> var. <i>lolii</i>, a biotrophic fungal symbiont of ryegrass, through the production of alkaloids with deterrent and/or toxic effects to insect herbivores including <i>L. bonariensis</i>. Here we report results from two pot trials and a field trial comparing endophyte strains with different alkaloid profiles that have been introduced to reduce or eliminate adverse effects on stock. Adult <i>L. bonariensis</i> feeding scars, number of eggs and the proportion of tillers with larval damage and the severity of that damage were recorded. Samples of pseudostem and leaf blades were analysed for alkaloids. AR1 endophyte reduced adult feeding, oviposition, and larval damage whereas AR37 had no effect on adults but was highly effective in reducing larval damage. Reduction in adult feeding and oviposition by different NEA strains was governed by concentrations of peramine and ergovaline. For plants infected with AR37, alkaloid concentrations that determined the extent of larval damage were influenced by host species and ploidy; tetraploid <i>L. perenne</i> was more severely damaged than its diploid equivalent; <i>L. multiflorum</i> cultivars were more susceptible than the <i>L. hybridum</i> and <i>L. perenne</i> cultivars.