Analysis of the Annual Variation of Temperature and Rainfall Over a Solar Cycle in Benue State, Nigeria

This study investigates the annual variation of temperature and rainfall over a solar cycle (2012–2023) Benue State, and examines the correlation between solar activity and local climate conditions. Using historical climate data, the research analyzes temperature and rainfall patterns in relation to solar cycles, revealing significant seasonal fluctuations and long-term trends. The findings show that Benue experiences high temperatures during the dry season, particularly from December to February, with daytime highs exceeding 35°C. Rainfall is concentrated during the wet season (April to October), and is often erratic, with intense rainfall events followed by prolonged dry spells. The analysis further indicates that solar maxima, characterized by heightened solar activity, are associated with increased temperatures and humidity, while solar minima result in cooler temperatures and reduced rainfall. Additionally, the study identifies a gradual increase in average annual temperatures over the study period, suggesting the onset of climate change in the region. These climatic variations have direct implications for agriculture, water resources, and public health in Makurdi. The research concludes by recommending the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices, improved water resource management, and public health interventions to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events.