Anti-Osteoarthritis Potential of Fagonia Arabica in Formaldehyde Induced Osteoarthritis in Experimental Animal

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, changes in subchondral bone, and inflammation of synovial structures. Fagonia arabica, a medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been traditionally used to treat various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-osteoarthritic potential of the ethanolic extract of Fagonia arabica (EEFA) in a formaldehyde-induced OA rat model. Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, formaldehyde-induced (0.1 ml), standard (diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg), and two EEFA treatment groups (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). OA was induced by subplantar administration of formaldehyde, and treatments were administered orally for 4 weeks. Paw diameter, body weight, and swelling ratio were assessed to evaluate the anti-osteoarthritic effects. Phytochemical analysis of EEFA revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. EEFA treatment significantly reduced paw diameter and swelling ratio while improving body weight compared to the formaldehyde-induced group. The 400 mg/kg EEFA dose showed efficacy comparable to diclofenac sodium. Histopathological findings corroborated the anti-inflammatory effects of EEFA, with reduced joint damage and inflammation. These results suggest that Fagonia arabica possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritic properties, which may be attributed to its bioactive constituents, such as flavonoids and tannins. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate the therapeutic potential of Fagonia arabica in the management of osteoarthritis.