Reevaluating the Necessity of Dark Matter and Dark Energy within Cosmological Models

The existence of Dark Matter and Dark Energy is widely accepted within the Standard Cosmological Model. However, their introduction is not based on direct detection but rather on the need to reconcile observations with theoretical expectations. This paper explores whether the necessity of Dark Matter and Dark Energy arises inherently from our chosen cosmological framework rather than from an independent physical requirement. Regarding Einstein’s cosmological constant Λ, it was reintroduced into modern physics following supernova observations but, also after carefully analyzing the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, it is difficult to overlook its connection to the standard cosmological model. The same applies to gravitational lensing, where classical optics is used with distances estimated based on Redshift. The rotation curves of spiral galaxies have been explained without resorting to alternative gravity models. As for the complex case of elliptical galaxies, a model linking their evolution to the Initial Mass Function (IMF) has been considered, highlighting that, if one assumes the Milky Way’s IMF (studied quite well), the problem posed here reduces to that of spirals. However, this argument remains non-decisive. Finally, the current status of direct dark matter detection has been reviewed, which so far has yielded no conclusive results.