Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of Hargeisa, Somaliland

This study investigates the impacts of climate change on water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, with a focused case study on Hargeisa, Somaliland. As climate change intensifies hydrological variability, regions already facing environmental and demographic pressures experience exacerbated water scarcity. Analyzing climatic data (1991-2020) from SWALIM and regional groundwater studies, we identify three critical trends: (1) decreasing rainfall reliability (annual averages of 250-400mm with high interannual variability), (2) increasing evapotranspiration rates (up to 2100mm annually), and (3) progressive groundwater quality deterioration (TDS >1g/L in 90% of sampled wells). Our findings demonstrate particular vulnerability in shallow aquifers - the primary water source for most communities - which face both seasonal depletion and contamination risks. The research reveals a dual stressor system where climate variability interacts with rapid population growth to threaten water security. We propose four key interventions: (i) enhanced hydro-climatic monitoring networks, (ii) integrated climate adaptation planning, (iii) targeted aquifer recharge strategies, and (iv) policy reforms for sustainable groundwater governance. These recommendations provide actionable pathways for building resilience in water-stressed regions facing escalating climate risks