Emerging Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Kidney Stone Treatment: A Review

Kidney stones are hard deposits that form due to supersaturation of minerals like calcium, oxalate, and phosphate in the urine. They are often linked to dehydration, high-sodium diets, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Symptoms typically include severe lower back or abdominal pain, hematuria, and painful urination. Conventional treatment includes hydration, dietary changes, medications, and surgical interventions like lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. However, these approaches have limitations, including recurrence and side effects. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer promising alternatives for both treatment and prevention. Nanoparticles can be engineered to target stone components, enhance drug delivery, and improve the precision of lithotripsy, thereby minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Additionally, their potential roles in biosensing, anti-inflammatory therapy, and crystal inhibition make them attractive candidates for future therapeutic use. This review explores the current landscape of kidney stone disease, outlines conventional therapies, and highlights emerging nanotechnology-based interventions. It also discusses future directions and challenges, including safety, efficacy, and translation from bench to bedside.