Digital Divide in Latin America: A Multivariate and Neutrosophic Delphi Analysis for Inclusion and Public Policy

This study examines access to digital connectivity in Latin America, highlighting both progress and persistent structural inequalities. In the context of the pandemic, the internet has consolidated its position as an essential tool for daily life, highlighting deep gaps between countries, urban and rural areas, and different socioeconomic groups. Using the graphical multivariate HJ-Biplot method, complemented by a Neutrosophic Delphi approach to model indeterminacies in digital inclusion policies, the research question is addressed: How are Latin American and Caribbean countries grouped according to their level of access to digital connectivity, considering socioeconomic, age, ¿and geographic differences? The hypothesis guiding this work holds that, despite overall progress, common patterns of inequality persist among countries, especially linked to rural areas and lower-income sectors. The results allow countries to be classified into four distinct groups according to their level of connectivity. Chile stands out for its high coverage, while countries such as El Salvador, Paraguay, and the Dominican Republic show greater lags. Mexico, Peru, and Colombia have shown progress, but still face significant challenges in rural and vulnerable sectors. The results show that the digital divide is not only economic and geographic, but also directly impacts education, health, and equality. Added to this is the concern about the effects of hyperconnectivity, such as the deterioration of mental health in young people. The study concludes that closing these gaps requires comprehensive public policies and regional collaboration to ensure equitable connectivity that promotes social development and does not reproduce new forms of exclusion, addressing indeterminacies through neutrosophic approaches.