Driving Innovation in Pakistani Manufacturing SMEs: How Human, Relational, and Structural Capital Foster Innovative Performance Through Technological Innovativeness, moderating role of Perceived Organizational Support

Purpose- This research aims to analyze the role of Human Capital, Relational Capital, and Structural Capital on Innovative Performance in Pakistani manufacturing SMEs. It also examines the mediating effect of Technological Innovativeness and the moderating effect of Perceived Organizational Support. Design/methodology/approach - The cross-sectional research design of a quantitative type is used. A structured survey was conducted to collect data among employees in manufacturing SMEs. Data analysis was done using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings - The findings reveal a positive correlation between the three-dimensional aspects of intellectual capital and innovation performance, both technologically and directly. Moreover, the influence of technological Innovativeness on innovative outputs is promoted by perceived organizational support. Practical implications - To be innovative, organizations should invest in knowledge resources, foster a positive work environment, and form strategic external alliances. Managerial implications - To achieve sustainable competitive advantage, managers should reinforce internal systems, employee learning, and foster cultures that encourage innovation. Originality/value - This paper expands the resource-based school of thought by incorporating intellectual Capital with Dynamic capabilities and situational forces in the innovation space of Small and medium-sized enterprises.