A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Sechium Edule (Chayote)

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz, or simply chayote, is the common name assigned to this tropical and subtropical diploid herbaceous climbing plant belonging to Cucurbitaceae, generally cultivated in Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, as well as across several regions in India. A review on S. edule includes its botanical traits, phytochemicals' composition, as well as a variety of its clinical uses. The plant grows best between 18-22°C temperatures, with annual rainfall of 1500-2500mm and soil pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. Phytochemical analysis shows different bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, including vitexin, isovitexin, and orientin; alkaloids; terpenoids; cucurbitacins; phenolic compounds; and essential minerals. There are notable amounts of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to its nutritional value. Fruits contain low calories of 19-31 Kcal/100g and significant fiber content of 0.40-7.53%. The pharmacological activities reported include antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and antiulcer properties. It is used for medicinal purposes in treating kidney stones, cardiovascular diseases, and a variety of inflammatory diseases. Its cosmetic applications involve the use of the plant in various personal care products. As one plant produces more than 300 fruits a year and with its high therapeutic potential. Thus, S. edule would represent a treasure of food security, pharmaceutical discovery, and ethnomedicine. The present comprehensive review underscores the significance of this plant but draws a note for future research to capitalize on its maximum benefit