A Comprehensive Survey on Large Language Models: Architectures, Applications, and Ethical Considerations

The rapid progress and revolutionary potential of large language models (LLMs) are examined in this survey, with particular attention paid to transformer-based designs and scaling strategies that power models such as GPT-4, Gemini, and LLaMA. Focusing on advancements in natural language comprehension, translation, text production, and information retrieval, this study examines various applications in the fields of healthcare, finance, education, and public administration. Along with addressing ethical issues such as algorithmic bias, disinformation, privacy threats, and environmental impacts, the study promotes robust auditing frameworks, consistent evaluation measures, and environmentally friendly practices. The study offers a comprehensive framework for future research and the responsible development of large language models (LLMs), outlining the complex supply chain and development processes with a focus on ethical integration, accountability, and transparency.