Review Article on Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of plasma lipids, including cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), with or without decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It can arise due to genetic factors (primary hyperlipidemia), secondary causes such as diabetes, obesity, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, or be exacerbated by medications and poor lifestyle habits. The condition is largely asymptomatic until significant complications develop, such as cardiovascular diseases, pancreatitis, or visible xanthomas in severe cases, especially among those with familial forms. Hyperlipidemia is a critical risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis, a pathological process involving the accumulation of lipids and formation of fibrous plaques within large and medium arteries. This progression narrows arterial lumen, reducing blood supply and increasing the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events including coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The pathophysiology centers on excessive VLDL and LDL concentrations, which can lead to altered, oxidized LDL uptake by macrophages, foam cell formation, vascular inflammation, and plaque growth. The management of hyperlipidemia revolves around controlling plasma lipid concentrations to prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes.