The relationship between innovation and environmental emissions

different income levels. Using a mixed-methods approach, it combines quantitative indicators (energyintensity, material productivity, renewable energy share) from global databases with a qualitative analysis of nationalpolicy documents from Sweden, Canada, and China. The findings demonstrate that countries with robust institutionalframeworks and consistent environmental strategies (such as Sweden and Canada) show higher efficiency levels,whereas developing economies like China despite leading in renewable capacity face challenges due to ongoing relianceon fossil fuels. The research confirms that policy coherence, investment in clean technologies, and national capabilitiesare critical for achieving sustainable development goals through green economic transformation