Implementation of AMR Awareness Modules in Education and Training Programs in Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis with High-Income Country Approaches

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where educational infrastructures often lack standardized AMR training. This review explores the current status of AMR awareness modules within education and training programs in Bangladesh, spanning medical, pharmacy, nursing, veterinary, agriculture, and public health sectors. A comparative analysis was conducted against established AMR educational frameworks and curricula in high-income countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Data were synthesized from curriculum documents, WHO guidance, and expert consultations. The results reveal significant disparities in competency integration, interprofessional education, and learner engagement. While high-income countries increasingly implement integrated, case-based, and One Health–aligned AMR training approaches, programs in Bangladesh remain fragmented and inconsistently applied. These findings underscore the urgent need for curriculum reform, policy alignment, and cross-sectoral collaboration to embed AMR education in all pre-service training. The insights generated through this study provide a foundation for the development of AMR curriculum assessment tools and support WHO-led global capacity-building initiatives.