The Effects of Plant Invasions on the Ruins of the Ancient Buddhist Monasteries of Lalmai Mainamati

<p>Abstract: Plant invasion has been identified as a significant challenge in conserving the LalmaiMainamati archaeological sites in Bangladesh. The main objective of this study is to determine<br>the extent of structural erosion caused by plant invasion and propose sustainable conservation<br>strategies. The study analyzed the growth patterns and extent of damage to important structures,<br>including Kutila Mura, Ananda Vihara, Bhoj Vihara, and Shalban Vihara. Field observations,<br>physical structure assessment, and moisture analysis revealed that algae, lichens, fungi, and tree<br>roots are causing extensive damage to the brickwork of the archaeological site. In particular, the<br>high moisture-holding capacity of the laterite-rich soil creates a conducive environment for the<br>growth of algae and fungi, which change the bricks' chemical composition and destroy the<br>structure's stability. Seasonal changes, significantly increasing moisture during the rainy season<br>and accumulating in winter, are accelerating the erosion of the archaeological site. In addition,<br>uncontrolled tourism and the ignorant actions of the local people are creating additional<br>challenges in conserving the archaeological site. The study recommends that regular monitoring,<br>mechanical removal of invasive plants, involvement of local people, and long-term<br>environmental assessment can ensure the sustainable conservation of the archaeological site. The<br>results of this study will also set an essential precedent for preserving other archaeological sites<br>in South Asia. Protecting the invaluable heritage of the archaeological site by preventing plant<br>invasion is of great importance for future generations.</p>