Advancing Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Management through Biochar, Organic Fertilizers, and Waste Valorization

Abstract This review synthesizes current advancements in sustainable agriculture through the integrated application of biochar, organic fertilizers, and waste valorization. Addressing pressing environmental challenges and soil fertility management, the paper examines biochar production methods, physicochemical properties, and its roles in enhancing nutrient efficiency, soil health, and drought resilience. It further discusses innovations in organic fertilizers derived from diverse sources, highlighting their contributions to microbial diversity, nutrient cycling, and abiotic stress mitigation. The valorization of agricultural and industrial residues through novel technologies such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal biorefineries is explored, emphasizing greenhouse gas reduction and pollutant immobilization benefits. Additionally, advances in smart fertilizer technologies, including slow- and controlled-release formulations and nanofertilizers, are reviewed for their potential to improve nutrient use and environmental compatibility. The review concludes with future research directions advocating synergy among biochar, organic inputs, and waste-derived fertilizers, alongside policy standardization and economic feasibility considerations to promote sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural systems.