MIGRAINE: CAUSES AND TREATMENT METHODS

Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, debilitating headaches and a spectrum of sensory, autonomic, and cognitive symptoms, affecting 15-20% of the global population. Its complex etiology involves genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and neurovascular mechanisms, including cortical spreading depression, trigeminovascular activation, and serotonin dysregulation. Recent advances have highlighted the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the gut-brain axis in pathogenesis, driving the development of targeted therapies such as CGRP monoclonal antibodies and neuromodulation devices. This article provides a comprehensive overview of migraine causes, integrating genetic, neurobiological, and environmental perspectives, and evaluates current and emerging treatment strategies, including pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and lifestyle interventions. Despite therapeutic progress, challenges such as treatment access, cost barriers, and disease heterogeneity persist. The article underscores the need for personalized medicine, multidisciplinary care, and global health initiatives to alleviate the substantial burden of migraines.