Africa as a global player in the 21st century: reality, potential or (des)illusion?

In recent decades, Africa appeared sometimes as a neglected continent. This analytical, geopolitical and historical mistake became obvious to international leaders and to international relations scholars. It is important to underline the diversity of Africa in its various components, including its political, social, economic and cultural dimensions. It is also relevant to consider the particularly strong impacts of colonisation, (neo)colonialism and decolonisation processes on African countries and peoples. These perspectives help to better understand the positions and actions of African countries during the Cold War. Since their return to independence, African countries have had to face the challenges and dangers of underdevelopment and maldevelopment. African countries have gradually asserted themselves on the international stage, notably through the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and then the African Union (AU). This international assertiveness is also reflected in sub-regional organisations with different objectives and varying degrees of effectiveness. The post-Cold War era posed a significant challenge, with the risk of marginalisation and neglect of African countries and their populations. However, in addition to the former colonial powers, the United States and Russia, influential international actors (notably China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Germany, South Korea) have recognised the importance, centrality and significance of African countries and their peoples. Over the last years, new African leaders have emerged, asserting a greater aspiration for the real independence and full sovereignty of their states. They are also asserting a willingness to take greater account of the will of their peoples.