Blood Pressure and Heart Rate-Related Ratios as Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are vital parameters widely utilized in assessing cardiovascular health. Beyond these standalone measures, derived indices such as pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate variability (HRV) offer significant insight into cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This comprehensive review examines the role of BP and HR-related ratios—such as systolic-to-diastolic BP ratio, HR-to-BP ratio, and HRV—in predicting the onset and progression of CVDs. The review highlights recent research findings, clinical implications, and future prospects for utilizing these parameters in preventive cardiology.