Phytobia

Key to the males of Neotropical species of Phytobia (adapted from Sousa & Couri (2017)) This key is based only on males, since females of most species remain unknown. 1. Presutural dorsocentral seta absent....................................................................... 2 – Presutural dorsocentral seta present...................................................................... 7 2. Two postsutural dorsocentral setae....................................................................... 3 – Three postsutural dorsocentral setae...................................................................... 4 3. Mid tibia with one posterodorsal seta on middle third; hypandrium unusually elongate, constricted towards apex (Fig. 93 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); distiphallus composed of two separated tubules in ventral view (Figs. 94 and 95 in Sousa & Couri (2017); base of ejaculatory apodeme bowl-shaped [Costa Rica, Jamaica]............................ P. unica Spencer – Mid tibia with two posterodorsal setae on middle third; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus bifid with very spiny surrounding membrane (Figs. 90 and 91 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); ejaculatory apodeme sickle-shaped, with its broader part about 2.5 times wider than constricted area at base (Fig. 92 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil]............... P. spinosula Sousa & Couri 4. Mid tibia with one posterodorsal seta on middle third........................................................ 5 – Mid tibia with two posterodorsal setae on middle third....................................................... 6 5. Frons black; epandrium densely setulose; hypandrium about 4/5 length of phallapodeme (Fig. 96 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); phallus about 1.2 times as along as phallapodeme, basiphallus short but rather well-developed, distiphallus as two long tubules (Fig. 97 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Peru]................................................. P. mentula Sasakawa – Frons brownish-black on upper half, orange-brown on lower half; hypandrium ¾ length of phallapodeme (Fig. 99 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); phallus very long, only a little shorter than phallapodeme, basiphallus narrow, distiphallus membranous distally, with distinct basal tube and pair of spinose, narrow sclerites on lateral side before end (Fig. 100 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Guatemala]................................................................... P. guatemalensis Sasakawa 6. Scape and pedicel yellow; frons with lower half testaceous and upper half brownish-black; mid and hind tibiae entirely light brown; surstylus with 23 to 26 spines; phallus elongated and tubular (Fig. 103 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Peru]............................................................................................. P. pipinna Sasakawa – Scape and pedicel dark brown; frons yellow on lower half with yellow microtomentum on upper half; all legs dark brown, apex of fore femur yellow; surstylus without spines; phallus composed of large shapeless membranous areas (Figs. 50 and 51 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil]................................................. P. flavifrontalis Sousa & Couri 7. Abdomen entirely black............................................................................... 8 – Abdomen mostly yellow.............................................................................. 13 8. Wing spotted; distiphallus short (as long as cercus), bifid distal portion in lateral view (Fig. 55 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil, Panama].............................................................................. P. kallima (Frost) – Wing entirely clear; distiphallus short or elongate (longer than cercus), but never with bifid distal portion............... 9 9. Mid tibia with three posterodorsal setae on middle third; distiphallus almost rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 76 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil]......................................................... P. planipalpis Sousa & Couri – Mid tibia with one or two posterodorsal setae on middle third; distiphallus not rectangular in lateral view.............. 10 10. Medium sized species, wing length 3.4 mm; scutum deep black, moderately shining; phallus asymmetrical (Fig. 104 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Chile, Peru].......................................................... P. peruensis Spencer – Smaller species, wing length 2.1–2.3 mm; scutum brown, with grey microtomentum; phallus asymmetrical or symmetrical.. .................................................................................................. 11 11. Frons entirely matte black with grey microtomentum; surstylus triangular with about 45 setae (Fig. 66 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); distiphallus elongate (Fig. 67 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil]................. P. multisetosa Sousa & Couri – Frons matte black with lower half reddish-brown or with reddish-brown close to lunule; surstylus rounded with at most 20 setae; distiphallus sclerotized with two medium arms (Figs. 84 and 85 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil].............. 12 12. Pleuron and abdominal tergites dark brown with light yellow markings (Fig. 5A); surstylus with a row of stout spines (Fig. 6E).................................................................................... P. pium sp. nov. – Pleuron and abdominal tergites entirely dark brown; surstylus without stout spines............. P. simpla Sousa & Couri 13. Legs entirely brown or black........................................................................... 14 – Legs with at least the apex of fore femur yellow........................................................... 19 14. First flagellomere testaceous-orange; distal portion of distiphallus bearing many tiny cuticular membranous spines (Fig. 107 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Ecuador]...................................................... P. spinulosa Sasakawa – First flagellomere black; distal portion of distiphallus without tiny cuticular membranous spines..................... 15 15. Posterior margin of black marking on scutum, between the intra-alar stripes, arched (Fig. 108 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); dorsocentrals 4+1; surstylus with a papilla dorsally (Fig. 109 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Colombia].. P. setitibialis Sasakawa – Posterior margin of black marking on scutum, between the intra-alar stripes, angled (Figs. 114 and 112 in Sousa & Couri (2017) and Fig. 61 in Frick (1959)); dorsocentrals 3+1; surstylus without a papilla dorsally............................... 16 16. Scutum with dark area conspicuously matte grey, dark area not divided into separate bands laterally (Fig. 112 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); abdomen with brownish-yellow ground colour, all tergites except first shining black centrally and broadly black at sides [Dominica]...................................................................... P. matura Spencer – Scutum with dark area shining black, sometimes divided into separate bands laterally; abdomen predominantly yellow with black spots only posterior to tergite 4.................................................................... 17 17. Abdomen yellow, with tergites 5 and 6 black; phallus with distinctly elongate distal tubules (Fig. 113 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) ......................................................................... P. xanthophora (Schiner) – Abdomen yellow, with tergites 5 and 6 with lateral and central spots. Phallus not composed of elongate tubules distally... 18 18. Black marking between the intra-alar stripes with a median cleft in the posterior margin (Fig. 114 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); phallus, in ventral view, clubbed (Fig. 117 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Ecuador]................ P. ecuadorensis Spencer – Black marking between the intra-alar stripes continuous, without a median cleft (Fig. 61 in Frick (1959)); phallus almost quadrate in ventral view (Fig. 119 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico].............................................................................................. P. picta (Coquillett) 19. Wing distinctly brown along anterior margin.............................................................. 20 – Wing not brown along anterior margin................................................................... 25 20. Wing length greater than 5 mm; first flagellomere orange; scutellum yellow, with sub-basal lateral dark brown spot; phallus as in Figs. 121 and 122 in Sousa & Couri (2017) [Brazil].......................................... P. lanei Spencer – Wing length at most 4.0 mm; first flagellomere brown or black; scutellum entirely yellow or yellow with sub-basal lateral dark brown spot......................................................................................... 21 21. 4 postsutural dorsocentrals............................................................................ 22 – 3 postsutural dorsocentrals............................................................................ 23 22. Wing membrane around veins r-m and bm-cu not infuscate (Fig. 2E); distiphallus medially divided in ventral view (Fig. 3E) [Brazil]........................................................................... P. munduruku sp. nov. – Wing membrane infuscate along veins r-m and bm-cu (Fig. 123 in Sousa & Couri (2017)); distiphallus not divided in ventral view (Fig. 125 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Brazil, Costa Rica (doubtful record), Ecuador]............. P. rabelloi Spencer 23. Lunule yellow; mid tibia with one posterodorsal seta on middle third; distiphallus bifid distally (Figs. 127 and 128 in Sousa & Couri (2017)) [Peru]............................................................. P. monsonensis Sasakawa – Lunule silvery; mid tibia with two posterodorsal setae on middle third; distiphallus not bifid........................ 24 24. Tergites 5 and 6 mostly yellow with brown spots (Fig. 1C); epandrium and surstylus with spines (Fig. 3A, B) [Brazil]......................................................................................... P. espositae sp. nov. – Te