Fire Safety in Metro Systems: Risks, Solutions, and Global Standards

Metro systems play a critical role in the sustainability of urban life. However, emergencies such as fires pose significant threats to both passenger safety and occupational health and safety (OHS) for workers. This study examines 52 metro fire incidents worldwide through statistical and analytical approaches. Findings reveal that 52% of the fires stemmed from electrical faults, 19% from human errors, 15% from technical deficiencies, and 13% from environmental factors. The research addresses various engineering and administrative solutions for preventing and mitigating fire incidents. Engineering measures include the use of fire-resistant materials, effective ventilation systems, and the integration of innovative detection and suppression technologies. Administrative controls involve emergency planning, regular staff training, and fire drills. Within the framework of OHS, these measures are emphasized as critical for creating a safe environment for both employees and passengers. Historical and geographical analyses indicate that fire incidents occur more frequently in densely utilized metro networks, underscoring the importance of regional safety standards. The study advocates for the development of global standards and the implementation of localized safety strategies. This comprehensive analysis highlights the need for a holistic approach to fire safety dynamics in metro systems, providing stakeholders with a roadmap for improvement.