Botanical Characterization, Traditional Applications and Modern Pharmacological Properties of Ficus Religiosa in Healthcare

Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa), commonly known as the "Peepal" tree, is a sacred fig variety native to India with immense medicinal and cultural importance. The tree, belonging to the Moraceae family, is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of various bioactive compounds including tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Traditional medicinal systems, especially Ayurveda, have used various parts of the tree for treating different diseases, including asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, and sexual disorders. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed many of the traditional uses through scientific investigation. The study has shown remarkable antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, nephroprotective, anti-fertility, anti-Parkinson, and hepatoprotective activities. Its rich phytochemical composition, which includes compounds such as bergapten, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and several amino acids, is attributed to its therapeutic potential. The latex, bark, leaves, and fruits of the plant have shown distinct medicinal properties, supporting its role in traditional healthcare systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Ficus religiosa, the botanical features, phytochemical composition, traditional applications, and pharmacological activities of religiosa may be established as its therapeutic potential in modern medicine