Siphonaria amara Reeve 1856

Siphonaria amara Reeve, 1856 Siphonaria amara Reeve 1856: pl. 7, species 33 (type locality: California [probably in error]).— Hanley 1858b: 151; Carpenter 1864b: 676; Paetel 1873: 117, 1875: 92, 1883: 178, 1889: 428; Pilsbry 1920b: 379; Hubendick 1946: 66; Cernohorsky 1972: 210; Galindo 1977: 416; Kay 1979: 493; Trew 1983: 7; White & Dayrat 2012; Dayrat et al. 2014: 267. Siphonaria normalis var. amara — Pilsbry 1920b: 380. Siphonaria normalis omara Edmondson 1946: 188; Ostergaard 1950: 77, 111 (invalid; incorrect subsequent spelling of amara). Taxonomic remarks. The species description was attributed by Reeve to Nuttall, but Reeve is the author of the name. Initially, the name was first mentioned by Jay (1839: 39) as a nomen nudum without a description (Art. 12.1 of the Code) for a specimen from the ‘Sandwich Isles’ (Hawaii). The name has not been made available subsequently by Catlow & Reeve (1845: 100) or Jay (1850: 104) (no description, Art. 12.1). Carpenter (1864a: 646) correctly recognised Reeve as the author of the name and stated that the species was from Hawaii. Similarly, White & Dayrat (2012: 61) indicated the distribution to be ‘very likely Hawaii’. Suter’s (1913: 599) reference to ‘Hutt.’ as author of the name is likely in error for ‘Nutt[all]’. Suter (1909b: 258, 1913: 599) reported S. amara from ‘New Guinea’, which is considered incorrect and stated that it ‘is also a near relation of S. cookiana’ (= S. propria Jenkins, 1983) from NZ, which is also not accepted herein. Hubendick’s (1946: 66–67) included S. amara in the list of nomina nuda due to uncertainty of type locality (California or Hawaii?), but it is not a nomen nudum. Examination of the holotype of S. amara (NHMUK 1981016 revealed some similarly with S. waikoloaensis sp. nov. from Hawaii. However, the external surface is more uneven, and the ribbing appears significantly broader, projecting at edge. The siphonal ridge is less prominent in S. amara.