Dining in the wild: Unraveling wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) feeding behavior and dietary dynamics in Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal, India

Megaherbivores like the Wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) are keystone species, playing a pivotal role in ecosystem dynamics. However, their survival is increasingly threatened by habitat loss and resource constraints due to their extensive spatial and nutritional needs. This study investigates the dietary preferences and feeding behaviours of elephants inhabiting the riverine floodplains of North Bengal, particularly Jaldapara National Park. Using a combination of direct observations, feeding sign analysis along elephant routes, and microhistological faecal analysis, we identified 41 plant species in their diet. Dietary composition revealed a preference for tree species (34.16%), followed by grasses (21.95%), mosses (17.07%), herbs (17.07%), shrubs (4.87%), and climbers (4.87%). The prominence of trees highlights their importance as a critical food resource, while the high diversity of Poaceae emphasizes the significance of grasslands in elephant habitats. A diurnal feeding pattern was observed, with heightened activity during the latter times of the day. These findings underscore the importance of conserving heterogeneous landscapes comprising forests and grasslands to support the dietary requirements of elephants. Additionally, the study provides insights into the ecological adaptations of Asian elephants and highlights the necessity of effective habitat management to ensure the availability of critical food resources throughout the year. The results offer valuable guidance for mitigating human-elephant conflicts and advancing conservation strategies for this ecologically vital yet endangered species.