Habitat suitability modeling of the Caspian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus maral) in the central zone of the Hyrcanian region: Identification of priority conservation areas

As human development expands, wildlife managers face increasing challenges related to human-wildlife conflicts and land-use changes. Understanding how wildlife selects optimal landscapes is crucial for resolving these conflicts. This study focuses on analyzing the Caspian red deer's habitat status in the Hyrcanian region's central zone to identify optimal habitats. Five habitat suitability models and one combined model were employed to identify areas with high conservation priority for the Maral species. The Random Forest (RF) model was recognized as the best among the species distribution models. Elevation and land use are the most critical factors affecting the distribution of the Maral species. Based on the combined habitat evaluation model, 26.45% of the suitable habitats for the Maral species are located within areas protected by the Department of Environment of Iran. The findings of this research can be used to strengthen or create more efficient pathways for protecting Caspian red deer habitats and to develop conservation plans for areas with high conflict.