Overcoming Ocular Barriers: Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies for PPAR-γ Agonists

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. While traditionally studied in metabolic disorders, PPAR-γ has emerged as a promising target in ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PPAR-γ is expressed in key retinal cells and its activation via agonists like thiazolidinediones offers neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects. These properties help reduce vascular leakage, suppress cytokine production, and protect retinal neurons. Despite delivery challenges, PPAR-γ agonists represent a novel therapeutic strategy for managing chronic retinal diseases and preserving visual function.