Assessment of Heavy Metals and Microbial Pollution in the Ganga River and its Source Streams at Panch Prayag, Uttarakhand, India

The Panch Pyayag Ganga River and its headstreams in Uttarakhand, India, hold significant cultural, ecological, and hydrological importance. However, increasing human activity, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge threaten the river's health, potentially compromising its water quality. This study aims to assess the nutrient and microbial contamination levels in the Ganga River and its individual headstreams with a focus on identifying key pollution sources. Water samples were collected from multiple locations across the river system and analyzed for key parameters: biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, and other microbial indicators of contamination. The results revealed elevated levels of nutrients and microbial contaminants in specific stretches, correlating with nearby urban settlements, agricultural runoffs, and religious activities. The study highlights the need for comprehensive water quality management strategies that address the multi-faceted pollution sources affecting the river ecosystem. Understanding these contamination dynamics is essential for preserving the Ganga River’s ecological integrity and ensuring safe water access for millions of residents and pilgrims in the region.