Renal Lithiasis: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors and Surgical Management

Renal lithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is a frequent and recurrent urological disorder characterized by the formation of mineral concretions within the urinary tract. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving metabolic imbalances, dietary habits, environmental influences, and genetic predispositions. Risk factors such as dehydration, high sodium and oxalate intake, obesity, metabolic disorders, and anatomical abnormalities contribute to stone formation and recurrence. While many cases can be managed conservatively through lifestyle and dietary modifications, surgical intervention is often necessary in symptomatic or complicated stones. Modern minimally invasive techniques, including ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, have significantly improved outcomes. This review provides a detailed analysis of the risk factors for renal lithiasis and highlights the role of surgical management in comprehensive patient care.