Runestones and the quest for social networks – tracing the carvers by 3D analysis. Presentation at Epigraphy.info IX workshop, 2-4 April 2025

Abstract Runestones and the quest for social networks: tracing the carvers by 3D-analysis Viking-Age runestones (c. 9th-11th C AD) are memorials in the landscape, generally raised by the close relatives to the deceased person - although some stones concern relations beyond the family, like companions and brothers in arms. Through the inscriptions, families can often be followed through generations. The rune carvers behind these monuments, recognized as artists and the first native writers of Scandinavia, appear in their own constellations, with networks of their own as well. In this paper, I intend to show how groove analysis by 3D-analysis, multivariate statistics and experimental studies can contribute to studies of social networks and interactions between the rune-carvers. The method is based on the premise that carvers practising their craft, like any craftworkers, develop their own individual motor performance. This means that, with time and experience, they develop their own distinctive ways of working, which in turn creates a personal signature in the rune grooves. The method has been applied to various research questions, for example to compare specific inscriptions, to study rune-carvers’ work organisation and mobility, investigate secondary additions and related issues. The method is not limited to runes: by adapting the parameters, the method can be applied to other types of epigraphy and cultural contexts.