Bacterial Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance

Complex communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-generated extracellular matrix, known asbiofilms, exhibit a universal tendency to adhere to surfaces. Globally, over 89% of microorganisms are organ-ised in biofilms, prevalent in ecosystems such as surface water, lakes, and terrestrial environments. Thesestructures demonstrate high resistance to antimicrobial agents, posing significant challenges in both environ-mental and clinical settings. This article examines the mechanisms by which biofilms confer antimicrobialresistance (AMR), focusing on biofilm production by Bacillus species on selected plants, the implications forpublic health, and potential strategies to address this issue.