Lighting in Ankia Bhaona: From Early Times to Contemporary Practices

Ankia Bhaona, a traditional Assamese theatrical form created by the 15th-century Sankaradeva, is a vibrant blend of art, spirituality, and community engagement. Central to its night-time performances in pre-modern Assam was the ingenious use of traditional lighting techniques, which not only illuminated the stage but also carried philosophical symbolic meanings. This paper explores the diverse lighting methods employed in Ankia Bhaona, including Aariya, Agnigarh, Choutara, Bhotachaki, Matir chaki (Earthen lamps),Fuljhari, Mota or Mahota, Phirfiri, Tota, Chengeli and Chakraban. Drawing from historical texts, cultural practices, and symbolic interpretations, the study examines the materials, preparation methods, and socio-spiritual roles of these lighting systems.