VULNERABILITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION MEASURES IN BRAZILIAN STATES

This study aims to analyze vulnerabilities to natural disasters and climate adaptation policies across five Brazilian states. It combines a theoretical analysis of adaptation measures and climate governance with a literature review based on official data from the National Disaster Atlas, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), state government reports, news from local agencies, and scientific articles. Additionally, primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to State Environmental Departments. The results reveal that the perception of climate impacts does not always align with reality, highlighting the need for further progress in meeting the goals of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), particularly concerning biodiversity conservation, traditional communities, climate risks in industries, urban infrastructure, and coastal areas. Rio Grande do Sul achieved 88% of the targets, while São Paulo, Piauí, Paraíba, and Goiás reached 62%, 22%, 30%, and 12%, respectively. The conclusion emphasizes that subnational governments must strengthen their institutional and human capacities to implement climate adaptation measures effectively. Simultaneously, they should develop monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems to track and report the progress of adaptation efforts. An integrated governance approach is recommended, fostering inter-institutional collaboration among municipalities, states, and the federal government to ensure effective climate response and adaptation. This alignment should be in accordance with global guidelines and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and incorporated into multi-annual planning, considering Brazil's diverse socio-economic and environmental realities.