Biosensors and technological advances in monitoring marine pollution in the USA

Marine pollution poses a significant threat to U.S. coastal ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. Traditional methods of monitoring pollutants, such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and microplastics, are often limited in their ability to provide real-time, in situ data. This review explores the critical role of biosensors in revolutionizing marine pollution monitoring in the USA, examining recent technological advancements and their application in detecting and controlling pollutants. By combining biological sensing elements with advanced physicochemical detectors, biosensors offer sensitive, specific, and timely pollution detection, enabling more efficient environmental management. The review evaluates key technological innovations in biosensor design, including the integration of nanotechnology, wireless communication, and artificial intelligence, while also addressing the challenges of deploying these technologies in dynamic marine environments. Furthermore, the review assesses current biosensor applications in U.S. government monitoring programs, such as those led by NOAA and the EPA, and highlights their growing role in private sector and academic research initiatives. Finally, the paper identifies the technical, regulatory, and operational challenges facing biosensor technology and offers recommendations for future development. Through this assessment, the review underscores the potential of biosensors to enhance the effectiveness of marine pollution control strategies in the USA and contribute to the long-term protection of marine ecosystems.