Understanding human dimensions of Siamese Crocodile reintroduction in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand

Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) are critically endangered, with populations in only four countries, including Thailand. Despite existing reintroduction know-how, human cohabitants in crocodile habitats hinder their conservation efforts. We surveyed 208 respondents from five villages in Kaeng Krachan National Park (KKNP) to understand human dimensions toward Siamese crocodile reintroduction and conservation. While respondents generally had positive attitudes towards the crocodiles, fear of attacks by farm-bred crocodiles remained a major obstacle. A soft release of farm-bred crocodiles was deemed acceptable, though concerns about potential human-crocodile interactions persisted. By aligning these findings with IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence, we emphasize the importance of addressing all levels of potential human-crocodile conflicts (HCC) in KKNP. Essential actions include building trust, creating benefits, practicing good governance, integrating traditional knowledge into reintroduction planning, resolving existing conflicts through community-led solutions, and devising a political ecology of crocodile conservation for acceptable strategies for managing HCC. To support sustainable crocodile reintroduction in KKNP, we recommend engaging unemployed males, fishermen, or temporary employers as citizen scientists, transparently communicating the reintroduction process to stakeholders, and implementing conservation education campaigns. Long-term socio-ecological monitoring is vital for sound decision-making, managing conflicts, and measuring reintroduction success.