Molecular Insights into the Role of Herbal Supplements in Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Testicular Function in Bulls

Buffalo reproductive efficiency is significantly influenced by using seasonal modifications in follicular dynamics, hormone degrees, and follicular fluid biochemical composition. this newsletter explores how follicular growth patterns—which includes single, double, and triple waves—range throughout seasons, specifically among breeding and non-breeding periods. these fluctuations directly affect steroid hormone concentrations (estradiol, progesterone, cortisol) and metabolites (glucose, proteins, lipids) within the follicular fluid and bloodstream. Holistic understanding of these seasonal biological rhythms can help optimize breeding interventions and beautify buffalo fertility.