Dose and The Time-Dependent Association of Smoking and Its Cessation With Risk of Peri-Implant Diseases A Retrospective Analysis

Introduction Objectives: To determine the association between tobacco and peri-implant diseases in a sample of patients who had received implant-supported restorations in a university dental clinic. Materials and Methods: There were four hundred and fifty implants examined. Data pertaining to the individuals and the implant were assessed after a sample of patients was chosen from an electronic database. The development of smoking was thoroughly documented, including the amount of smoke smoked, the cumulative lifetime dose, the length of exposure, the intensity of the habit, and the decision to stop smoking. The main objective of the study was to determine the peri-implant status, which includes peri-implant mucositis (PM), peri-implantitis (PI), and health (H). Results: 49 patients (47.9%) did not smoke, 42 patients (35.9%) had smoked in the past, and 19 patients (16.2%) were smokers currently. Thirty-nine subjects (33.4%) showed H, while 37 subjects (31.6%) and 41 subjects (35%) showed PM and PI. Conclusions: Smoke intensity was associated with an increased risk of the development of peri-implantitis. Moreover, the risk of peri-implant diseases might be similar in those subjects who had stopped smoking for more than 21 years with respect to never-smokers.