IOT-BASED Real-Time Monitoring and Protection System for Transmission Line Faults

Electricity has become a necessity in modern life, extending far beyond urban areas to even the most remoteregions. This expansion has led to developmentof a sophisticated power grid, where electricity is transmitted across vast distances through transmission lines[1]. However, due to their extensive reach, these lines are prone to faults,which can damage critical equipment such as transformers, generators, and the transmission infrastructure itself[2]. To ensure a reliable power supply, it is crucial to minimise these faults by detecting them as quickly as possible.This project focuses on designing a numerical relay that identifies faults by comparing input values with apredefined reference threshold. If the input exceeds this limit, the relay sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker, isolating the faulty section[4]. The power system is divided into several segments, with the transmission network playing a key role in delivering electricity from generation stations to end-users[3]. However, this network is susceptible to faults—unintended disruptions caused by insulation failure or accidental contact with conductive materials, leading to short circuits.This study examines the causes and consequences of faults in overhead transmission lines, along with variousdetection techniques. Such faults can severely damage power infrastructure, and in countries like India, where supply systems are often vulnerable, three-phase faults can significantly disrupt the entire power network.