MONEY-MAKING ACTIVITIES MODEL AMONG MALE BYSTANDERS

Amid the evolving economic landscape and the rise of the gig economy, this study investigates the moneymaking activities model among male bystanders—individuals not actively engaged in traditional labor markets.Using survey data from 335 respondents in Davao City, it examines how male bystanders engage in informalincome-generating activities in response to economic pressures and technological advancements. To ensure datasuitability for factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett’sTest of Sphericity were employed. A scree plot was then used to determine the optimal number of factors. TheExploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed five key factors: Informal Selling/Renting Activities, ServiceOriented Labor, Provision of Services, Artistic/Entertainment Activities, and Risky Behaviors. Subsequently,Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the underlying structure of the frameworkgenerated from the EFA. The CFA results supported a refined three-factor model comprising Service-OrientedLabor, Provision of Services, and Informal Selling/Renting Activities, while Artistic/Entertainment Activitiesand Risky Behaviors were excluded. The fit indices for the three-factor model met acceptable thresholds,indicating a robust model fit. These findings shed light on the socio-economic drivers of informal activities andtheir implications for financial stability and community development.