Crowd Management During Hajj Pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia Literature Synthesis

Recent occurrences like as the Mina disaster in Hajj, Saudi Arabia in 2015, the Water Festival in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in 2010, and the Love Parade Music Festival in Duisburg, Germany in 2010 have demonstrated how poor crowd control can swiftly turn a heavenly occasion into a tragedy (Alkhadim et al., 2018; Aros-Vera et al., 2020; Illiyas et al., 2013).The aim of the study is to evaluate crowd with regards to its management within the period of Hajj Pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia with the aid of synthesizing literature. The study therefore synthesized literature on crowding at Hajj pilgrimage, crowd management during the Hajj pilgrimage, crowd management an over view, crowd monitoring techniques, crowd measurement models, density and crowd generation, crowd management principles and strategies, pedestrian crowd management strategies, public participation and awareness on pathways regulations, urban design for pedestrian movement, and urban design principles and strategies. In conclusion, there is very strong needs to have pedestrian movement system model (PMSM) for Hajj Pilgrimage Saudi Arabia with a specific focus on the pathway from Arafah to Muzdalifah at Mecca.