ADVANCEMENTS IN NANOTHERANOSTICS FOR CANCER:INNOVATIONS IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY

Cancer is becoming the most feared and dreaded disease. WHO states that this is the second leading cause of death. Despite the development of various treatment and diagnostic methods, cancer still poses a serious threat to human health. Therefore, research continues and leads to the development of new techniques such as nanotheranostics (combination of treatment and diagnosis). Cancer nanotheranostics is a promising field that combines nanotechnology with medical and diagnostic capabilities, revolutionizing cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review explores the functional models of nanoparticles that can be used as boththerapeutic and diagnostic agents. They include gold and silver-based, graphene-based, lipid and polymer-based and proteinbased nanoparticles, etc., while reducing side effects, showing good potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. These nanoparticles can deliver drugs to the tumor and can also be used for radiation therapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and fluorescence imaging to improve early diagnosis. This review describes their use inthe diagnosis of various cancers, including breast, lung, thyroid, stomach, and hematological malignancies. It emphasizes their effectiveness in enhancing the accuracy of imaging techniques and making medicine a reality. It provides insight into thefuture directions of nanotheranostic platforms, demonstrates the potential for personalized cancer treatment, and the creationof multifunctional nanoparticles to improve clinical outcomes in clinical cancer management