Climate Change and Its Impact on Major Crops in Malwa Region, Punjab

Climate change seriously impacts the availability of various resources on the Earth, especially water, which sustains life on this planet. Environmental changes, biodiversity, and natural resources significantly affect human health and quality of life. Throughout the 21st century, India is anticipated to experience warming above the global level. India will also begin to suffer more seasonal variation in temperature, with higher warming in the winters than summers. Longevity of heat waves across India has extended in recent years with warmer night temperatures and hotter days, and this trend is expected to continue. The average temperature change is anticipated to be 2.33°C-4.78°C with a doubling in CO2 concentrations. These heat waves would lead to increased variability in summer monsoon precipitation, which would result in dramatic consequences on the agriculture sector in India. Global temperatures and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are expected to gradually increase, according to climate models. However, these models are not very good at forecasting how local weather conditions will evolve in the future. When combined with locally adapted plant varieties, cropping systems, and soil conditions, local weather conditions like rain, temperature, sunshine, and wind can optimize food production as long as plant diseases can be controlled. Assessing the sustainability of food systems requires accurate estimates of how climate change will affect crop production. For almost 40 years, global, regional, and site-specific crop simulation studies have been carried out, providing valuable information for assessments of the effects of climate change. Nevertheless, the abundance of data generated by these studies has not been made publicly available. In this work, we create a global dataset by combining data from a new literature search covering recent crop simulations with previously published meta-analyses, building on 8703 simulations from 202 studies published between 1984 and 2024. Along with geographic coordinates, current temperature and precipitation levels, and anticipated temperature and precipitation changes, it includes projected yields of the four major crops (wheat, soybean, rice, and maize) in 91 countries under major emission scenarios for the twenty-first century, both with and without adaptation measures. This dataset will support the quickly evolving data-driven machine learning applications and offers a strong foundation for a quantitative evaluation of the effects of climate change on crop production.