NEUROPATHOGENIC IMPLICATIONS OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA: TRANSMISSION, VIRULENCE, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Abstract The neuropathic effects of Pasteurella multocida, though a niche area of concern, have significant implications for human and animal health given the common presence of this bacterium in domestic pets. This gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium frequently causes respiratory illnesses and infections affecting the skin and soft tissues. In humans, P. multocida is most commonly transmitted by cats and dogs, leading to complications such as purple fingertips, purpura fulminans, peritonitis, pyosalpinx, mycotic aneurysm, meningitis, and endocarditis. Rising pet ownership worldwide increases the risk of zoonotic infections, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing P. multocida's neuropathogenic potential. This review explores the mechanisms by which P. multocida infections cause nerve damage, examining the bacterium's transmission, virulence factors, and clinical manifestations. We discuss the pathogen's ability to colonize and invade host tissues, leading to a range of conditions from minor cellulitis to severe meningitis and septic shock. The review also delves into the role of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) in activating G-proteins, disrupting neuronal function, and potentially causing neurological symptoms such as seizures. Additionally, we highlight the importance of various virulence determinants, including biofilm formation and immune modulation, in the pathogenesis of P. multocida. Effective management of P. multocida infections requires prompt antibiotic treatment and surgical intervention for wounds. However, antibiotic resistance poses a growing challenge, necessitating ongoing surveillance and the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. By addressing this issue, we highlight strategies to enhance diagnostic strategies, improve patient outcomes, and develop targeted treatments for P. multocida-related neuropathogenic effects.