Identification and Removal of Emerging Pollutants in Water: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques and Technologies

Abstract Emerging pollutants (EPs), encompassing a diverse array of substances such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, are increasingly recognized as significant contaminants posing a threat to global water resources. Unlike conventional pollutants, EPs are often unregulated and exhibit persistence in aquatic environments due to the limitations of traditional water treatment methodologies. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of current strategies for the detection and removal of EPs from water. It critically examines the efficacy of established and innovative technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane filtration, and bioremediation. Furthermore, the potential of nanotechnology-based solutions and integrated multi-barrier treatment systems in effectively addressing the challenges posed by EPs is explored. The paper concludes by highlighting crucial future research directions and the imperative for adaptive regulatory frameworks to ensure sustainable water quality management in the face of these emerging threats.