BORROWING, CULTURAL APPROPRIATION, AND ADAPTATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF "HEART OF DARKNESS" INTO "QULB-E-ZULMAAT": AN ANALYSIS USING VINAY AND DARBELNET'S TRANSLATION MODEL

This study examines the translation strategies used in the Urdu translation of Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" titled "Kulb-e-Zulmat (2001)" by Muhammad Salim-ur-Rehman Research borrowing, cultural appropriation , adaptation using the translation model of Vinay and Darbelnet and focuses on different approaches. Analysis shows how these techniques retain narrative authenticity, cultural relevance, and emotional intensity, making the text accessible to Urdu-speaking readers. Borrowing preserved specific terms without Urdu equivalents, culture appropriation adapted elements to match target culture, and adaptation ensured clarity and resonance which is necessary to draw attention. Suggestions for a future study include examining reader acceptance, comparative translation studies, and the potential of technology to improve translation practices.