Recent Advances in Sepsis Management: From Early Goal-Directed Therapy to Biomarker-Driven Approaches

Sepsis remains a significant global health challenge, with high mortality rates despite advances in critical care. This review examines recent updates in sepsis management protocols, focusing on the evolution of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT), advancements in fluid resuscitation strategies, and the emergence of biomarker-driven diagnostic approaches. We critically analyse the impact of landmark studies such as Protocol-based care for early septic shock (ProCESS), Australasian resuscitation in sepsis evaluation (ARISE), and protocolized management in sepsis (ProMISe) on EGDT implementation, discuss the shift towards more individualized fluid management, and explore the potential of novel biomarkers in improving sepsis diagnosis and prognostication. The review also highlights current challenges in sepsis care and provides insights into future directions for research and clinical practice. By synthesizing the latest evidence, this article aims to provide clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of contemporary sepsis management strategies to optimize patient outcomes.